Origin of Kashmir
Exploring the Ancient Roots, Cultural Evolution, and Historical Significance of the Enchanting Kashmir Valley Through the Ages
One of the oldest Hindu legends, although mythological, goes something like this. Sage Kashyapa was on a pilgrimage to all the Tirthas (holy sites) of the earth. His son, Nila, went to meet him and convinced him to visit the holy sites of Kashmir. When Kashyapa arrived in Kashmir he was shocked by the ravages in the valley and asked how the devastation was caused. Nila told him about the existence of the water demon Jalodbhava, in the lake of Sati Sara and how he had wreaked havoc in the valley. Kashyapa decided to help by reinstating the land and its inhabitants. He went to seek help from the divinities, and all gods & deities and along with their help, managed to drain the vast lake and defeat the demon.
THE HINDU LEGEND
LEGENDS FROM OTHER CULTURES
In the later eras when travelers and scholars like Hiuen tsang, Bedia ud- din, Forster etc visited the valley and got acquainted with the existing legends, they were so convinced by the elements in the story, that they in turn compiled similar versions to suit their audiences.
Hiuen Tsang in the Buddhist version writes: “This country was once a dragon lake instead of Sati Sara.”
Muslim chroniclers have given their own version, in which Bedia ud-din begins with the creation and brings Adam from Sarandip where all Muslim authorities place him after the fall of Cashmere. Another Muslim version of the same story as recorded in the Wakiat –I-Kashmir, is almost similar to the version recorded in Nilamata. European travelers and chroniclers have also put in their version, where Solomon is declared to have dried the waters of Kashmir.
Despite the variances, the format of the legend has remained the same. It’s not really possible to pinpoint what led to the formation of such a legend. In his book Mohini Qasba Raina writes: “Is it the basin-like shape of the valley surrounded by high mountains? Or did this phenomenon –draining of the lake waters –occur due to some natural activity, which was observed by the aboriginal inhabitants of the valley and that has come down the ages, through word to mouth. Or is it a distant possibility that these inhabitants had the geological conception of the lake formation and its desiccation.
Scientific Observations About the Valley
Geologists agree that the valley was a part of a large sea, around 200 to 250 million years ago, and underwent severe terrestrial volcanic activity. As a result, mountain ranges that surround the valley, retain the core of the volcanic rocks; Shankaracharya hill and Hariparbat hill- volcanoes of that era-stand as evidence of that terrestrial volcanic activity.
Another interesting geological wonder in Kashmir are Karewas (or Wuders). Karewas are these flat/table lands originated by the draining of the vast lake. These are alluvial deposits of different soils and sediments such as clay, silt, shale, sand, mud, lignite etc. It is estimated that these Karewas stretch across the valley and occupy nearly 2500 square kilometers of area.
These Karewas are not only a means to study Kashmir’s geological history, but also the reason why agriculture such as apple trees, almonds, & saffron are able to flourish in Kashmir. However, due to rapid urbanization & illegal extractive land uses, Karewas are dying.
Here is an informative video about Karewas and their current state in Kashmir.
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